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CIBIL Credit Report Score / How Credit Score is Calculated ?
« Last post by resh on August 14, 2025, 10:41:52 PM »
Instead of the earlier two-year period, your CIBIL Score now factors in a three-year period when evaluating your credit behavior. Assessment of credit data over a longer period helps provide a more comprehensive overview of your loan eligibility.

The enhanced score also includes new credit attributes that gives lenders a more complete view of your credit behavior to help them make objective lending decisions, even if you have a short credit history.

The new enhanced score will substitute the current score in all products with a CIBIL Score offering.

Your CIBIL Score plays an important role in the loan approval process. Monitor your CIBIL Score regularly to be always loan-ready so that you have access to credit when you need it the most.
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Derivatives / Nifty Upward Circuit - Sitharaman Candle
« Last post by resh on August 06, 2025, 11:16:14 AM »
On the 20th of September 2019, Friday, then Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced the change in Corporate Tax rate out of nowhere. No Hints, No Clues, just come and make an announcement.

The Nifty closed 5.32% higher on that day. VIX didn't rise much and was stable between 15 and 15.5
The next day Nifty went up higher again by 2.8%

If you were a leveraged option seller without any hedges, or stop loss, you're wiped out for sure on that day.
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Derivatives / Why PUT Options are Expensive than Call Options ?
« Last post by resh on July 10, 2025, 10:24:23 PM »
Why are PUT Options more Expensive than Call Options - both equidistant from the ATM ?
Investors tend to buy more puts for protection against downside moves, which pushes their price and implied volatility higher. This phenomenon is known as the "volatility skew" or "smirk" in the options market, and it's a deviation from what the basic Black-Scholes model might predict (which would suggest equal implied volatilities for equidistant calls and puts).

But the crux of it lies in Put-Call Parity Relationship
P=C−S+K(e)^−rT

C: Call price
P: Put price
S: Current stock price
K: Strike price
r: Risk-free interest rate
T: Time to maturity in years (1 week = 7/365)

When I calculated using the above formula, didn't get correct values. Nevamind.
Theoretical models might suggest otherwise under ideal conditions, real-world options markets are influenced by supply and demand dynamics, market perceptions of risk (especially downside risk), and the practicalities of hedging.

Some argue that investor psychology plays a role. People are generally more sensitive to losses than gains (loss aversion), leading them to overpay for downside protection
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Derivatives / What is Low VIX - Option Strategies ?
« Last post by resh on July 09, 2025, 01:02:14 PM »
A "low VIX" environment for option sellers is typically considered to be when the CBOE Volatility Index (VIX) is: Below 15
It's often associated with bullish or stable market conditions.

< 12   Very Low Volatility   Premiums are very low; poor reward for risk. Caution.
12–15   Low Volatility   Still low; limited premium, but slightly better than <12.

Now tell me what Option strategies are suited for the same ?
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Derivatives / Use of AVWAP - Positional Traders
« Last post by resh on July 01, 2025, 09:53:26 PM »
We all know that AVWAP is one of the best measures and is used by financial Institutions as well to take short term view.

But the question is What are the Major Anchor Points ?

1. Major Highs and Lows
All-time high (ATH) or recent significant high
Major market low (e.g., COVID crash low in March 2020)
2. Yearly Anchors
Start of Calendar / Financial Year
3. Breakouts or Breakdown Points
Large technical breakouts from consolidations or resistance
Breakdowns from key supports or ranges

How is AVWAP used by various market participants ?
3 months (short-term trend)
6 months (medium-term institutional view)
1 year or YTD (long-term trend, often aligns with mutual fund views)

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Derivatives / VIX - 9/11 BlackSwan
« Last post by resh on June 24, 2025, 10:46:26 PM »
VIX had closed around 25 on Sep 4th 2001.

On the 17th Sept 2001, it shot up to 44 and closed at 42. The it eventually shot up to 48 on Sept 21 2001 and then stayed above 30 till Nov-12-2001 i.e for Full 2 Months.

Source: https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/%5EVIX/history/?period1=999475200&period2=1024876800
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Derivatives / Re: 9/11 Blackswan impact on Options Traders
« Last post by resh on June 24, 2025, 10:37:40 PM »
What Google Gemini had to say about September 14th 2001 Expiry is this,

While specific official announcements from the CBOE (the primary exchange for SPX options) regarding the exact alternative settlement procedures for the September 14, 2001, expiry are difficult to pinpoint directly from readily available summaries, we can infer the likely process based on how such unprecedented situations are usually handled:

Suspension of Normal Settlement: The standard settlement at the market open on September 14th was impossible due to the closure.

Delayed Settlement based on Reopening Price: It is highly probable that the settlement of these options was delayed and based on the opening prices of the S&P 500 index when the markets eventually reopened on Monday, September 17, 2001. This would be the most logical and fair approach to determine the intrinsic value of the options given the extraordinary circumstances.

Adjustments and Communications: Exchanges would have issued official notices and procedures to inform market participants about the revised settlement process. This would involve:
        Confirming the new "settlement date" (likely September 17th).
        Specifying the exact S&P 500 index value to be used for settlement (the opening value on the new settlement day).
        Providing instructions for clearing and settlement firms to handle the cash adjustments for option holders and writers.
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Derivatives / 9/11 Blackswan impact on Options Traders
« Last post by resh on June 24, 2025, 10:29:48 PM »
After the 9/11 terr0rist attacks in 2001, the U.S. stock markets, including the CBOE (Chicago Board Options Exchange), were closed for: 4 full trading days — from Tuesday, September 11 through Friday, September 14, 2001. All major markets in USA resumed normal trading on Monday Sept 17th 2001

What happened to Options expiring on Friday, Sept 14 2001 ?
In 2001 there was only Weekly Expiry for S&P which was Friday of the Week.

Because the exchanges were closed and no opening prices could be determined, the CBOE and OCC (Options Clearing Corporation) moved the expiration forward: SPX options that were originally set to expire on Friday, September 14, 2001, instead expired on Monday, September 17, 2001 — the day markets reopened.

The SPX settlement value (SET) was calculated using Monday's opening prices instead of Friday’s, since that was the next available data point. This adjustment was coordinated by CBOE and OCC to ensure fair and orderly settlement.

Source:ChatGPT
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Derivatives / S&P Options on CBOE
« Last post by resh on June 24, 2025, 09:35:58 PM »
The majority of S&P options, especially those on the S&P 500 Index, are mostly traded on the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE).

When were the Zero DTE Options on S&P Introduced for Trading ?
In the year 2005, CBOE introduced Friday SPX Weekly Expiry. After 11 years, in 2016 added Monday and Wednesday expiration in addition to Friday. Finally, in 2022, filled in Tuesday and Thursday expiration, making SPX options available every trading day of the week.

S&P 500 Index is the largest traded in daily volume ~2.9 million
VIX   has a daily volume of ~500,000–700,000

All are mostly traded on CBOE.

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India Stocks and Shares / Why Physical Gold Prices Rising
« Last post by chetan on February 16, 2025, 02:48:45 PM »
Precious Metals, Gold and Silver are pouring into U.S. warehouses at an unprecedented rate since the pandemic. Years of central-bank accumulation in emerging markets may have led to a physical metal shortage in the West. However, a less likely theory suggests that the U.S.A could be gearing up to revalue its gold reserves.

The recent surge of gold and silver into Comex warehouses in the US has sparked speculation that the country may be on the brink of revaluing its reportedly substantial gold reserves—currently priced at $42 an ounce—to align with the market rate, which is now approaching $3,000. It is a theory that cannot be entirely dismissed.

A shortage of physical gold is likely the primary cause. The fundamental difference between paper gold and physical gold. Futures represent paper gold—providing a claim on the physical metal but as the notional value of the paper market far exceeds the available physical and deliverable gold, it would be a disaster if everyone sought to claim the underlying asset at the same time.

This explains why US silver and gold stocks in Comex warehouses have surged higher. And with Gold price is rising relentlessly, the move is dragging in more momentum traders and hedge funds who are buying paper gold, pushing the futures price ever higher above the spot price, and putting further pressure on the underlying supply.

Bullion Banks, act as arbitragers and take the opposing side of long futures positions meaning they are short and responsible for delivering gold upon contract expiry usually face no issues, as these contracts are typically rolled over. Traders have rolled down their Short Positions leaving only the Bullion Banks to handle the carnage.

Where is the Gold Coming From ?
There has been a sharp increase in gold trading volumes on the Shanghai Futures Exchange and does not publish any inventory data. However, the LBMA—the central hub of the gold market—does, and its inventories are declining. So somebody is selling physical gold from London Vaults. Central banks have been on a buying spree since the GFC, and that accelerated after the Russia-Ukraine war. The confiscation of Russia’s reserve assets has led to a decline in dollar reserve assets which has been matched by a near-identical rise in gold reserves.

Nobody wants to Lend / Lease Gold
To ease the situation, Gold can be lent just like the reverse repo rate. But central banks are becoming more reluctant to lend out their holdings. Emerging Market banks don’t want to put it back in the system they have just repatriated it from; and Developed Markets banks may have relied on hypothecated gold that has now been repatriated.

Keep an hawk eyes on the changes in gold market as they are reflective of the major and ongoing shifts seen in the geopolitical tectonic plates over the past few years.
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